How do rape myths impact the delivery of Peruvian justice? A qualitative study of judicial opinions in rape cases

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58238/igal.v4i2.92

Keywords:

rape myths, gender stereotypes, Peru, Judges, discrimination

Abstract

Through thematic and critical discourse analysis of 18 judicial opinions in rape cases issued by the Peruvian Judiciary from 2015 to 2020, this study examines if and how rape myths and gender stereotypes influence the delivery of justice in Peru. The work focuses on rape cases involving female victim-survivors over the age of 14. Findings show rape myths and gender stereotypes continue to inform how judges interpret legal provisions, assess the evidence, and construct facts. The main implications include the need to strengthen judges’ role not only in avoiding the use of rape myths, but in actively challenging them, to ensure victim-survivors’ equal access to justice.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Josefina, Cambridge University

Abogada por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). Máster en Criminología por la Universidad de Cambridge. Docente de la Facultad de Derecho de la PUCP. Ex investigadora visitante del Instituto de Criminología de la Universidad de Cambridge. Miembro de la Red Jurídica del Consorcio Latinoamericano contra el Aborto Inseguro (CLACAI). Lideró con éxito los únicos dos casos de litigio estratégico en el Perú sobre derecho a una muerte digna (casos Ana Estrada y María Benito). Asesora legal de la Relatora Especial de Naciones Unidas para la situación de derechos humanos de la República Democrática Popular de Corea. Global Fellow of End of Life Care, programa international para avanzar derechos al final de la vida, promovido por Death with Dignity & The Completed Life Initiative. Legal Fellow at Compassion & Choices. Investigadora en temas de violencia de género, derechos sexuales y reproductivos, y derecho a una muerte digna.

References

Acuerdo Plenario 01-2011/CJ-116 (2011). VII Pleno Jurisdiccional de las Salas Penales Permanentes y Transitoria. Corte Suprema de Justicia de Lima, Peru.

Bavelas, J., & Coates, L. (2001). Is it Sex or Assault? Erotic Versus Violent Language in Sexual Assault Trial Judgments. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 10(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009477518196

Ben-David, S., & Schneider, O. (2005). Rape Perceptions, Gender Role Attitudes, and Victim-Perpetrator Acquaintance. Sex Roles, 53(5-6), 385-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-6761-4

Bieneck, S., & Krahé, B. (2011). Blaming the Victim and Exonerating the Perpetrator in Cases of Rape and Robbery: Is There a Double Standard? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(9), 1785-1797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510372945

Bizimungu, C. (2019). An examination of the impacts of rape myths and gender bias on the legal process for rape in Rwanda. University of Sussex. Thesis. https://hdl.handle.net/10779/uos.23467277.v1

Bodelón, E. (2008). La violencia contra las mujeres y el derecho no-androcéntrico: Perdidas en la traducción jurídica del feminismo. P. Laurenzo, M. L. Maqueda, & A. Rubio (Eds.), Género, violencia y derecho. Tirant lo Blanch.

Bohner, G., Pina, A., & Viki, T. (2009). Chapter 2 Rape myth acceptance: Cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects of beliefs that blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator. M. Horvath & J. Brown (Eds.), Rape (0 ed.). Willan.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed). Oxford University Press.

Burns, C. (2005). Sexual violence and the law in Japan. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217

Cameron, D., & Panović, I. (2014). Working with Written Discourse. SAGE Publications, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921917

Charalambous, K. (2015). Chapter 9: The judicial performativity of rape myths: A discourse analysis of rape court decisions. M. Koutselini & F. Valanidou (Eds.), Gender, Law and Institutions. University of Cyprus.

Clarke, G. (2011). ‘Real’ rape revisited: Exploring issues of gender and intoxication in contemporary English and Welsh criminal justice. University of Cambridge.

Cotterill, J. (2003). Language and power in court: A linguistic analysis of the O.J. Simpson trial. Palgrave Macmillan.

De Carvalho Figuereido, D. (1998). Identities and Gender in the Discourse of Rape Trials. Fragmentos, 85/104.

De Assis, C. (2019). Diagnóstico de Estereotipos de género en las Fiscalías Provinciales Transitorias

Especializadas en Violencia contra la Mujer y los Integrantes del Grupo Familiar penales y mixtos del Ministerio Público en la actuación de la investigación de los delitos de violencia de género y feminicidios en el Perú [Unpublished manuscript].

Defensoría del Pueblo. (2011). Violencia sexual en el Perú: Un análisis de casos judiciales. Informe de Adjuntía N.004-2011-DP/ADM. Defensoría del Pueblo.

Ehrlich, S. (2001). Representing rape: Language and sexual consent. Routledge.

Emmel, N. (2013). Sampling and choosing cases in qualitative research: A realist approach. SAGE.

ENARES (2020). Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Sociales 2019. Principales Resultados.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/presentacion_enares_2019.pdf

Estrich, S. (1987). Real rape. Harvard Univ. Press.

Eyssel, F., & Bohner, G. (2011). Schema Effects of Rape Myth Acceptance on Judgments of Guilt and Blame in Rape Cases: The Role of Perceived Entitlement to Judge. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(8), 1579-1605.

Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman. Fuller, N. (Ed.). (2018). Difícil ser hombre: Nuevas masculinidades latinoamericanas (Primera edición). Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.

Gavey, N. (1999). «I Wasn’t Raped, but...»: Revisiting Definitional Problems in Sexual Victimization. En S. Lamb, New Versions of Victims: Feminists Struggle With the Concept (pp. 57-81). New York University Press Address Washington Square. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814752913.003.0008

Gray, J. M., & Horvath, M. A. H. (2018). Rape Myths in the Criminal Justice System. E. Milne, K. Brennan, N. South, & J. Turton (Eds.), Women and the Criminal Justice System (15-41).

Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76774-1_2

Golding, J.M., Lynch, K.R., Renzetti, C.M., Pals, A.M. (2022). Beyond the Stranger in the Woods: Investigating the Complexity of Adult Rape Cases in the Courtroom. In: Bornstein, B.H., Miller, M.K., DeMatteo, D. (eds) Advances in Psychology and Law, 6, 1–37. https://doi.

org/10.1007/978-3-031-13733-4_1

Hanashiro, N. (2024). #PerúPaísDeVioladores: a hashtag constellation against sexual violence. Journal of Gender Studies, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2024.2407999

Heilman, M. E. (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research in organizational Behavior, 32, 113-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003

Hernández, W. (2022). Una mirada crítica a las políticas públicas en materia de violencia de género contra las mujeres. In Balarin, Cueto, Fort (Ed.), El Perú Pendiente. Ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar (pp. 237-259) Lima, Grade.

Hildebrand, M., M., & Najdowski, C. J. (2015). The potential impact of rape culture on juror decision making: Implications for wrongful acquittals in sexual assault trials. Psychology Faculty Scholarship. 43. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/psychology_fac_

scholar/43

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2019). Violence and Discrimination against women and girls: Best Practices and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean. (Doc. 233). OAS. http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/ViolenceWomenGirls.pdf

Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2018). López Soto y otros Vs. Venezuela, Judgement (Serie C. N. 362). https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_362_esp.pdf

Lacey, N. (1998). Unspeakable subjects: Feminist essays in legal and social theory. Hart Pub; Distributed in the United States by Northwestern University Press.

MacKinnon, C. (2006). Feminismo, marxismo, método y Estado: Hacia una teoría del Derecho feminista. In M. García Villegas, I. C. Jaramillo Sierra, & E. Restrepo Saldarriaga (Ed.) Crítica jurídica: Teoría y sociología jurídica en los Estados Unidos (1. ed). Uniandes.

McMillan, L. (2018). Police officers’ perceptions of false allegations of rape. Journal of Gender Studies, 27(1), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2016.1194260

Miró Quesada Gayoso, J. (2022). El género en la concepción y aplicación de la justicia penal. THEMIS Revista De Derecho, (81), 149-168. https://doi.org/10.18800/themis.202201.008

Mujica, J. (2011). Violaciones sexuales en el Perú, 2000-2009: Un informe sobre el estado de la situación. PROMSEX

Munro, V. E., & Kelly, L. (2009). Chapter 12. A vicious cycle? Attrition and conviction patterns in contemporary rape cases in England and Wales. In M. Horvath & J. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking. Willan Publishing.

Nicolson, D. (2000). Criminal law and feminism. L. Bibbings & D. Nicolson (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on criminal law. Cavendish.

Noaks, L., & Wincup, E. (2004). 8. Analysing Qualitative Data. Criminological research: Understanding qualitative methods. SAGE Publications Ltd. Othman, N., Mohd Nor, N. F., & Ibrahim, N. (2019). Linguistic Representation of Violence in Judicial Opinions in Malaysia. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 19(2), 82-98. https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2019-1902-06

Pásara, L. (2006). Cómo sentencian los jueces del distrito federal en materia penal. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Pásara, L. (2015). Una reforma imposible: la justicia latinoamericana en el banquillo. Fondo Editorial de la PUCP.

Pásara, L. (2019). De Montesinos a los cuellos blancos: La persistente crisis de la justicia peruana (Primera edición). Editorial Planeta.

Radačić, I. (2014). Rape Myths and Gender Stereotypes in Croatian Rape Laws and Judicial Practice. Fem Legal Studies, 22(1), 67-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-013-9255-8

Rodríguez Vásquez, J. A., & Valega Chipoco, C. (2023). Violencia sexual y derecho penal: sobre los problemas contemporáneos en la interpretación del tipo penal de violación sexual en el Código Penal del Perú. Derecho PUCP, (91), 301-347. https://doi.org/10.18800/derechopucp.202302.009

Renzetti, C. M. (2013). Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. Routledge Handbook of Critical Criminology. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203864326.ch9

Rogers, A. (2020). “But the Law Won’t Help Us”: Challenges of Mobilizing Law 348 to Address Violence Against Women in Bolivia. Violence against women, 26(12-13), 1471-1492. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219870613

Rose, M. R., Nadler, J., & Clark, J. (2006). Appropriately Upset? Emotion Norms and Perceptions of Crime Victims. Law and Human Behavior, 30(2), 203-219. DOI:10.1007/s10979-006-9030-3

Sagot, M. (2005). The Critical Path of Women Affected by Family Violence in Latin America: Case Studies From 10 Countries. Violence Against Women, 11(10), 1292-1318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205280189

Zaikosky Biscay, D. M. J. (2015). Análisis cualitativo de las sentencias de delitos sexuales. In Salanueva, O. L. (Ed). Violencia sexual y discurso jurídico: Análisis de sentencias penales en caso de delitos contra la integridad sexual. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa.

Siles, A. (1995). Con el solo dicho de la agraviada: ¿es discriminatoria la justicia en procesos por violación sexual de mujeres? DEMUS.

Smart, C. (1977). Women, crime, and criminology: A feminist critique. Routledge & K. Paul.

Smart, C. (1989). Feminism and the Power of Law (0 ed.). Routledge.

Smith, O., & Skinner, T. (2012). Observing Court Responses to Victims of Rape and Sexual Assault.

Feminist Criminology, 7(4), 298-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085112437875

Smith, O., & Skinner, T. (2017). How Rape Myths Are Used and Challenged in Rape and Sexual Assault Trials. Social & Legal Studies, 26(4), 441-466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663916680130

Suarez, E., & Gadalla, T. M. (2010). Stop Blaming the Victim: A Meta-Analysis on Rape Myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010-2035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354503

Taylor, C. (2004) Court Licensed Abuse, Patriarchal Love and the Legal Response to Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse of Children. New York: Peter Lang.

Taylor, N. (2007). Juror attitudes and biases in sexual assault cases. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi344

Temkin, J., Gray, J. M., & Barrett, J. (2018). Different Functions of Rape Myth Use in Court: Findings from a Trial Observation Study. Feminist Criminology, 13(2), 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085116661627

Temkin, J., & Krahé, B. (2009). Chapter 13. Addressing the attitude problem in rape trials: Some proposals and methodological considerations. In M. Horvath & J. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking. Willan Publishing.

Ugaz, J. (1999). Violación a la libertad sexual desde la perspectiva de género. Ius et Veritas, 19, 194-198. http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/iusetveritas/article/view/15833

Varpio, L., Ajjawi, R., Monrouxe, L. V., O’Brien, B. C., & Rees, C. E. (2017). Shedding the cobra effect: Problematising thematic emergence, triangulation, saturation and member checking. Medical Education, 51(1), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13124

Venema, R. M. (2019). Making Judgments: How Blame Mediates the Influence of Rape Myth Acceptance in Police Response to Sexual Assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(13), 2697-2722. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516662437

Wentz, E. A. (2020). Funneled Through or Filtered Out: An Examination of Police and Prosecutorial Decision-Making in Adult Sexual Assault Cases. Violence Against Women, 26(15-16), 1919-1940. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219890419

World Health Organization (2003). Guidelines for medico-legal care for victims of sexual violence. Geneva. https://reliefweb.int/attachments/00e22da2-e564-3f2e-bb3fb87bb03a207e/5640EF03EB516383C1256FD4004E9583WHO_Guidelines_2003.pdf

World Health Organization (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018. https://prevention-collaborative.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/WHO_2021_VAW-Estimates.pdf

Downloads

Published

2026-01-30

How to Cite

Miro Quesada Gayoso, J. (2026). How do rape myths impact the delivery of Peruvian justice? A qualitative study of judicial opinions in rape cases. IusGénero América Latina, 4(2), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.58238/igal.v4i2.92